FORMATIVE research is defined as research conducted during program implementation to guide ongoing development. Which option best matches this definition?

• A. Evaluate final outcomes
• B. Guide ongoing development
• C. Conduct after program completion
• D. Determine long-term cost-effectiveness

Answer: (B)

Formative research focuses on gathering data during program implementation to shape how the program unfolds. It uses interim findings to modify design, delivery, and implementation strategies in real time, guiding ongoing development. That’s exactly what the option describing guiding ongoing development conveys—the idea of using information to steer the program as it progresses.

In contrast, evaluating final outcomes occurs after the program ends and aims to assess effectiveness, which is a summative purpose. Conducting research after program completion likewise looks back at results rather than guiding ongoing changes. Determining long-term cost-effectiveness centers on economic analysis over time, focusing on value rather than the iterative development process during implementation.