Maslow's deficiency needs include which of the following?

• A. Physiological, Safety, Social/Love, Esteem
• B. Self-Actualization
• C. Cognition
• D. Growth Needs

Answer: (A)

Maslow groups needs into two categories: deficiency needs (D-needs) and growth needs. The deficiency needs are the ones you’re motivated to satisfy because their absence creates discomfort. These include physiological needs (food, water, sleep), safety needs (security, stability), belongingness/love needs (relationships, social connection), and esteem needs (respect, recognition). The option that lists exactly these four fits as deficiency needs. Self-actualization is a growth need, and cognition and other growth-related needs are not part of the deficiency category. So this set is the correct reflection of Maslow’s deficiency needs.